Employed Women's Knowledge and Health Beliefs About Osteoporosis Prevention : A Comparative Study

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis is a chronic skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone density and deterioration of bone microstructure, leading to an increased risk of fractures and serious health consequences, particularly among women. Understanding women’s knowledge and health beliefs is essential for effective osteoporosis prevention; therefore, this study aimed to compare employed women’s knowledge and health beliefs regarding osteoporosis prevention based on type of residence (urban versus rural). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at AL-Dewaynia Governorate , Iraq, from December 20, 2024, to May 1, 2025. A convenience sample of 200 employed women was recruited. Data were collected using the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale (OHBS) and a structured questionnaire for socio-demographic characteristics. Anthropometric measurements were obtained to calculate body mass index (BMI). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results: The mean age of participants was 42.2 ± 6.3 years, with 53% aged 35–44 years. Significant differences were observed between urban and rural women in knowledge and health beliefs related to osteoporosis prevention. Urban women reported higher perceived severity of osteoporosis, greater perceived benefits of exercise and calcium intake, and higher health motivation, whereas rural women experienced greater barriers to exercise and lower health motivation. Conclusion: The study revealed significant disparities in knowledge and health beliefs about osteoporosis prevention between urban and rural employed women. These findings highlight the need for targeted educational interventions, particularly in rural areas, to improve health literacy, motivation, and engagement in osteoporosis preventive behaviors.